In rainy conditions, pedestrians tended to underestimate actual vehicle speeds that were higher than 45 km/h but were able to accurately estimate speeds ranging from 35 km/h to 45 km/h.
In sunny conditions, pedestrians tended to underestimate actual vehicle speeds that were higher than 40 km/h but were able to accurately estimate speeds that were lower than 40 km/h. Sun et al., (2015) recently conducted another field study in a naturalistic traffic environment and found an effect of actual speed and weather condition on the subjective estimation of vehicle speed. The results showed that participants, from the pedestrians’ perspective, significantly underestimated vehicle’s speed. (1999), ten participants were asked to estimate the speed of a vehicle in real traffic from an interior site that generally eliminated nonvisual cues. In the study conducted by Troscianko et al. Relatively few studies have been carried out to quantify subjective estimation of vehicle speed from the pedestrian perspective. Fildes et al., (1989) discussed that the interaction of driving experience, road type and drivers’ gender has effect on speed estimation. Moreover, Fildes & Lee (1993) found that people usually drive at higher speed on the road they perceive to be wide. They found that roadway geometry can be used to reduce driving speeds, but at the same time it can have a negative effect on maintaining a stable lane position in sharp curves. For example, Ben-Bassat and Shinar (2011) tested the combined effects of three roadway design elements-roadway shoulder width, guardrail existence, and roadway geometry (curvature)-on perceived safe driving speed and estimated road safety. In the existing literature concerning about the speed estimation, the majority of work has focused on the perception of drivers’ own vehicle’s speed. Speed estimation, therefore, becomes an important component of safe driving beyond monitoring the road traffic.
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Speedometers serving as a direct and reliable information resource usually provide drivers with accurate speed indication of their own vehicles however, in some cases, drivers may not be able to refer to the speedometer when the complex traffic situation imposes high cognitive workload on them. Perceiving the speed of drivers’ own vehicles and other vehicles is critical to ensure safe driving and, in particular, that the maneuvering actions do not violate the law, such as not going over the speed limit unintentionally and promptly maneuvering vehicles to avoid accidents.
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