Poland solidified its independence in a series of border wars fought by the newly formed Polish Army from 1918 to 1921. It was one of the great stories of the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. The victorious Allies of the First World War confirmed the rebirth of Poland in the Treaty of Versailles of June 1919. See also: History of Poland (1918–1939) and Timeline of Polish history § The Second Polish Republic (1918–39)Īfter more than a century of partitions between the Austrian, the Prussian, and the Russian imperial powers, Poland re-emerged as a sovereign state at the end of the First World War in Europe in 1917–1918. In the Polish language, the country is traditionally referred to as II Rzeczpospolita, which means the Second Republic. Īfter the Second World War and the establishment of the later states of the Polish People's Republic and the Third Polish Republic, the state was referred to as the Second Polish Republic.
Additionally, between 8 November 1918 and 16 August 1919, the Journal of Laws of the Polish State referred to the country as the Polish State ( Polish: Państwo Polskie). Both terms mean the Republic however, republika is a general term, while Rzeczpospolita traditionally refers exclusively to Polish states. In other regionally-used official languages, the state was referred to as: Republik Polen in German, Польська Республіка ( transcription: Polʹsʹka Respublika) in Ukrainian, Польская Рэспубліка ( transcription: Poĺskaja Respublika) in Belarusian, and Lenkijos Respublika, in Lithuanian.īetween 14 November 1918 and 13 March 1919, the state was referred to in Polish as Republika Polska, instead of Rzeczpospolita Polska. RP), with the term Rzeczpospolita being a traditional name for the republic referred to in various Polish states, including the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and later, the current Third Polish Republic. In the Polish language, it was referred to as Rzeczpospolita Polska ( abbr. The official name of the state was the Republic of Poland. 10 German–Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939.7.1 Largest cities in the Second Polish Republic.The cultural hubs of interwar Poland – Warsaw, Kraków, Poznań, Wilno and Lwów – became major European cities and the sites of internationally acclaimed universities and other institutions of higher education. The Second Republic maintained moderate economic development. The political conditions of the Second Republic were heavily influenced by the aftermath of the First World War and conflicts with neighbouring states as well as the emergence of Nazism in Germany. Between March and August 1939, Poland also shared a border with the then- Hungarian governorate of Subcarpathia. It had access to the Baltic Sea via a short strip of coastline either side of the city of Gdynia, known as the Polish Corridor.
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When, after several regional conflicts, the borders of the state were finalised in 1922, Poland's neighbours were Czechoslovakia, Germany, the Free City of Danzig, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania and the Soviet Union. At the same time, a significant number of ethnic Poles lived outside the country's borders.
Almost a third of the population came from minority groups: 13.9% Ruthenians 10% Ashkenazi Jews 3.1% Belarusians 2.3% Germans and 3.4% Czechs and Lithuanians. By 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II, this had grown to an estimated 35.1 million. According to the 1921 census, the number of inhabitants was 27.2 million. In 1938, the Second Republic was the sixth largest country in Europe.
The Second Republic ceased to exist in 1939, when Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union and the Slovak Republic, marking the beginning of the European theatre of the Second World War. The state was established in 1918, in the aftermath of the First World War. The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 19.
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